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04
2019
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04
What are the basic principles of electroplating?
Author:
Electroplating is an electrochemical process as well as a redox process. The basic principle of electroplating involves immersing a part into a solution containing metal salts, with the part serving as the cathode and a metal plate acting as the anode. When a direct current power source is connected, the desired plating layer is deposited onto the part. For example, during nickel plating, the cathode is the part to be plated, and the anode is a pure nickel plate. At the cathode and anode, the following reactions occur: Cathode (plated part): Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni (main reaction); 2H⁺ + e⁻ → H₂↑ (side reaction) Anode (nickel plate): Ni – 2e⁻ → Ni²⁺ (main reaction); 4OH⁻ – 4e⁻ → 2H₂O + O₂ + 4e⁻ (side reaction) Not all metal ions...
Electroplating is an electrochemical process as well as a redox process. The basic principle of electroplating involves immersing a part in a solution of metal salts, using the part as the cathode and a metal plate as the anode; when connected to a DC power source, the desired coating is deposited onto the part.
For example: During nickel plating, the cathode is the part to be plated, and the anode is a pure nickel plate. The following reactions occur at the cathode and anode, respectively:
Cathode (Plated part): Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni (main reaction)
2H⁺ + e⁻ → H₂↑ (side reaction)
Anode (Nickel plate): Ni – 2e⁻ → Ni²⁺ (main reaction)
4OH⁻ → 2H₂O + O₂ + 4e⁻ (side reaction)
Not all metal ions can be deposited from aqueous solutions. If the side reaction of hydrogen ion reduction to hydrogen predominates at the cathode, it becomes difficult for metal ions to deposit on the cathode. According to experiments, the feasibility of electrodepositing metal ions from aqueous solutions follows certain patterns that can be derived from the periodic table of elements.
Anodes are classified into soluble anodes and insoluble anodes. Most anodes are soluble anodes that correspond to the plating layer—for example, a zinc anode for galvanizing, a silver anode for silver plating, and a tin anode for tin plating. —Lead alloys use tin-lead alloy anodes. However, in a few electroplating processes where the anode dissolves with difficulty, insoluble anodes are employed; for example, in acidic gold plating, platinum or titanium anodes are commonly used. The primary salt ions in the plating solution are replenished by adding pre-prepared standard gold-containing solutions. For chrome plating, insoluble anodes such as pure lead, lead-tin alloys, and lead-antimony alloys are used.
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